The cultural landscape of Pakistan is a rich tapestry woven from the threads of ancient civilizations, Islamic heritage, and the diverse linguistic traditions of South and Central Asia. Situated at the crossroads of history, where the Indus Valley civilization once thrived and where the Silk Road facilitated the exchange of goods and ideas, Pakistan possesses a reservoir of wisdom that is both profound and pragmatic. The nation’s folklore is not monolithic; rather, it is a harmonious blend of Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, and Balochi voices, each contributing unique perspectives on life, honor, and spirituality. This diversity creates a complex but unified philosophy that values resilience, community, and a deep reverence for the divine.
The oral tradition in Pakistan is robust and serves as the primary vehicle for transmitting values from one generation to the next. In the bustling bazaars of Lahore, the rugged mountains of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and the coastal winds of Karachi, proverbs—or "kahawat" and "zarb-ul-misal"—are used daily to settle disputes, offer advice, and articulate complex emotions. These sayings are deeply rooted in the agrarian lifestyle, the rigors of history, and the mystical poetry of Sufi saints like Bulleh Shah and Iqbal. They reflect a society that understands the harsh realities of existence while maintaining an unyielding hope and reliance on destiny.
Understanding Pakistani proverbs offers a window into the soul of its people. It reveals a culture that places immense weight on "Izzat" (honor), "Sabr" (patience), and the intricate dynamics of family kinship. Whether warning against the perils of arrogance, extolling the virtues of hospitality, or navigating the unpredictable nature of fate, these aphorisms provide timeless guidance. In a world that is increasingly disconnected, the grounded, earthy wisdom of Pakistan reminds us of the universal truths that bind humanity together across borders and centuries.
POPULAR PROVERBS
Wisdom, Knowledge, and Truth
"A bad dancer blames the uneven floor."
This widely used proverb targets those who refuse to accept responsibility for their own shortcomings or failures. Instead of admitting a lack of skill or preparation, an incompetent person will find external excuses to justify their poor performance. It serves as a reminder that true mastery involves introspection and accountability rather than shifting blame to circumstances.
"To the blind, a lamp is useless."
Wisdom and advice are only valuable to those who have the capacity or willingness to receive them. Attempting to explain complex truths or visual beauty to someone who lacks the insight or desire to understand is a futile effort. This saying cautions against wasting energy on those who are willfully ignorant or incapable of appreciating the guidance offered.
"Truth is bitter."
Reality often carries a sting that comfortable lies do not possess, making it difficult for people to accept honest feedback or harsh facts. While flattery is sweet and easily digested, the truth can be jarring and unpleasant, yet it is necessary for growth and healing. This proverb encourages people to value honesty, even when it causes temporary discomfort, as it leads to genuine clarity.
"An empty vessel makes much noise."
People with little knowledge or substance are often the loudest and most boastful in a group. In contrast, those who possess deep wisdom and true capability tend to be quiet, reserved, and humble. This aphorism serves as a critique of pretension and a reminder that vocal volume rarely correlates with intelligence or ability.
"Listen to everyone, but do what your heart desires."
While it is important to seek counsel and gather diverse perspectives from the community, the ultimate decision should align with one’s own intuition and conscience. This proverb strikes a balance between social respect and individual autonomy. It suggests that while we should honor the advice of elders and peers, we must live with the consequences of our choices, so they should be our own.
"One who has been burnt by hot milk drinks even buttermilk after blowing on it."
A person who has suffered a painful experience becomes overly cautious, even in situations that pose no danger. This metaphor highlights the lasting psychological impact of trauma or failure. It explains why someone might be hesitant or skeptical in safe circumstances, as the memory of past pain dictates their present behavior.
"Distant drums sound pleasant."
Things often appear more attractive or romantic when viewed from afar, masking the flaws that become apparent upon closer inspection. This is similar to the concept that "the grass is always greener on the other side." It warns against idealizing situations, places, or people we do not fully understand, urging a realistic appreciation of what is close at hand.
"One pomegranate, a hundred sick people."
This saying illustrates a situation of extreme scarcity where demand far outstrips supply. It is often used to describe high unemployment rates or a lack of resources in a community. The proverb highlights the desperation and competition that arise when many people fight for a single opportunity or commodity.
"A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend."
An intelligent adversary is predictable and acts based on logic, whereas a foolish friend can inadvertently cause immense harm through incompetence or poor judgment. This proverb values intellect and rationality over blind loyalty. It suggests that good intentions without wisdom can be more dangerous than calculated malice.
"The thief’s beard has a straw in it."
A guilty conscience often betrays itself through small, subconscious actions or defensiveness. The proverb stems from a story where a judge tricked a thief into revealing himself; it implies that those who have done wrong live in constant fear of discovery. It serves as a reminder that dishonesty creates a psychological burden that eventually exposes the perpetrator.
"Before you speak, weigh your words."
Speech is a powerful tool that can heal or destroy, and once words are released, they cannot be taken back. This advice encourages mindfulness and deliberation in communication. It emphasizes that silence is often better than speaking in haste or anger, promoting emotional intelligence and diplomacy.
"Knowledge is a treasure that no thief can steal."
Material wealth is transient and vulnerable to theft or loss, but education and wisdom are permanent assets of the soul. This proverb underscores the high value Pakistani culture places on learning and scholarship. It inspires the pursuit of intellectual growth as the only true security in an unpredictable world.
"The face is the index of the mind."
One’s internal thoughts and true character are inevitably reflected in their facial expressions and demeanor. Try as one might to conceal deceit or sadness, the eyes and face often reveal the truth. This saying suggests that intuition and observation can decipher a person's true intent without a word being spoken.
"One fish pollutes the whole pond."
A single corrupt or negative individual can tarnish the reputation and atmosphere of an entire group or community. This proverb warns against keeping bad company and highlights the contagious nature of immorality. It is often used to justify the removal of a toxic element to preserve the integrity of the collective.
"Half knowledge is a dangerous thing."
Knowing a little bit about a subject can lead to overconfidence and disastrous mistakes, whereas knowing nothing prompts caution. This saying criticizes amateurism and the pretense of expertise. It advocates for thorough learning and humility, warning that superficial understanding can lead to greater harm than total ignorance.
"Think of the devil, and the devil arrives."
Used when someone appears immediately after being mentioned in conversation. While often used lightly today, it roots in the superstition that speaking a name invokes the presence or energy of that person. It acknowledges the strange coincidences of life and the power of focus.
"Even a wall has ears."
Privacy is an illusion, and one should always be careful when discussing sensitive secrets. This proverb serves as a warning against gossiping or plotting, as information travels through unexpected channels. It reflects a society where community ties are tight and news spreads rapidly.
"Better late than never."
It is preferable to complete a task or arrive at a realization eventually than to never do it at all. This proverb encourages perseverance and forgiveness for delays. It suggests that the value of the outcome remains, even if the timing is not ideal.
"Experience is the comb that life gives you after you lose your hair."
Wisdom often arrives too late to be fully utilized, usually after one has aged and lost the vitality of youth. This poignant saying reflects on the irony of life: we gain the understanding of how to live only after we have spent the majority of our time. It encourages young people to listen to elders to bypass this tragic cycle.
"Five fingers are not equal."
Just as the fingers on a hand differ in size and function, people within a family or society have different natures, talents, and destinies. This proverb promotes tolerance and acceptance of diversity. It reminds us not to compare siblings or peers unfairly, as uniformity is not natural.
Family, Relationships, and Society
"Blood speaks."
Family ties and lineage have an undeniable force that manifests in loyalty and character. This proverb suggests that biological connections create a bond that is deeper and more vocal than any other relationship. It also implies that one’s ancestry influences their behavior, reinforcing the importance of good breeding and family honor.
"A friend in need is a friend indeed."
Fair-weather friends disappear when difficulties arise, but a true companion stands firm during times of crisis. This universal wisdom is deeply cherished in Pakistan, where loyalty is a paramount virtue. It teaches that the true measure of a relationship is taken during adversity, not during celebration.
"Respect is given, not demanded."
One cannot force others to honor them through authority or fear alone; true respect is earned through character and conduct. This proverb serves as a check on arrogance and power. It reminds leaders and elders that their status depends on their benevolence and integrity.
"The home-raised chicken is equal to lentils."
We often undervalue what is easily available to us, including the talents of our own family members or local community. This saying criticizes the tendency to overlook domestic familiarity in favor of exotic or foreign things. It urges people to appreciate the worth of what they already possess close to home.
"Clap with both hands."
A conflict or relationship requires the participation of two parties; a single person cannot create a dispute alone. This proverb is often used in mediation to suggest that both sides share responsibility for a quarrel. It encourages mutual accountability and discourages placing the blame entirely on one individual.
"Every cock fights best on his own dunghill."
People feel most confident and powerful when they are in their own territory or comfort zone. This saying acknowledges the psychological advantage of being on home ground. It warns against underestimating an opponent who is fighting to protect their own turf.
"First deserve, then desire."
One should work to earn a privilege or reward before longing for it. This proverb promotes meritocracy and hard work over entitlement. It advises patience and self-improvement as the prerequisites for achieving one's ambitions.
"Near the mosque, but far from God."
Physical proximity to holiness or authority does not guarantee spiritual purity or favor. It criticizes hypocrisy and the assumption that outward religious observance equates to inner righteousness. This saying reminds us that true connection is a matter of the heart, not just location.
"A known devil is better than an unknown angel."
It is safer to deal with a familiar person or situation, even if they have flaws, than to risk everything on a complete stranger who appears perfect. This proverb values predictability and experience over the unknown. It suggests that managing known risks is a wiser strategy than gambling on uncertain potential.
"Parents are the shadow of God."
In Pakistani culture, parents are accorded a status of immense reverence, second only to the divine. This saying emphasizes the duty of children to serve, respect, and care for their parents. It frames the parent-child relationship as a sacred obligation that brings spiritual blessings.
"Unity is strength."
When individuals come together as a collective, they possess a power that far exceeds the sum of their parts. This is a call for social cohesion, family solidarity, and national integration. It reminds people that fragmentation leads to weakness, while cooperation ensures survival.
"Do good and cast it into the river."
Perform acts of charity and kindness without expecting recognition or reward. This proverb encourages selfless altruism, suggesting that good deeds should be forgotten by the doer immediately. It implies that the spiritual reward is greater when the act is done purely for the sake of goodness.
"As the country, so the guise."
One should adapt to the customs and culture of the place they are visiting or living in. Similar to "When in Rome, do as the Romans do," this saying promotes flexibility and respect for local traditions. It suggests that social harmony is maintained when one conforms to the prevailing norms.
"A guest is a blessing from God."
Hospitality is a cornerstone of Pakistani culture, where guests are treated with the utmost honor and generosity. This proverb frames the arrival of a visitor not as a burden, but as a spiritual gift. It encourages hosts to offer their best, believing that serving a guest brings divine favor.
"Charity begins at home."
Before trying to save the world or help distant strangers, one must ensure the well-being of their own family and immediate community. This proverb establishes a hierarchy of responsibility. It argues that neglecting one's own kin to impress others with public generosity is a misplaced virtue.
"One who digs a pit for others falls into it himself."
Malicious intentions and plots to harm others eventually backfire on the perpetrator. This is a statement on karmic justice and the moral order of the universe. It warns that treachery is a self-destructive path.
"The tongue has no bone, but it breaks bones."
Words are physically soft but have the power to cause deep emotional and psychological fractures that are harder to heal than physical injuries. This proverb cautions against verbal abuse and harsh language. It highlights the lasting impact of insults and the need for gentleness in speech.
"Whatever you sow, so shall you reap."
The consequences of our actions are inevitable; good deeds bring positive results, while bad deeds bring suffering. This fundamental principle of cause and effect governs human morality. It serves as a constant reminder to act with foresight and integrity.
"A single piece of wood does not burn well."
Isolation leads to ineffectiveness; humans need companionship and cooperation to thrive and "burn bright." This proverb underscores the importance of community and teamwork. It suggests that a solitary life is devoid of the warmth and energy generated by social interaction.
"Even a mother doesn't give milk unless the child cries."
One must voice their needs and ask for help to receive it; passivity leads to neglect. This saying encourages assertiveness and communication. It reminds us that even the most benevolent figures cannot help if they are unaware of the need.
Destiny, Fate, and Spirituality
"Man proposes, God disposes."
Human beings may create elaborate plans, but the final outcome is always in the hands of the Divine. This proverb teaches humility and the acceptance of limits on human control. It encourages people to strive but to remain detached from the results, trusting in a higher wisdom.
"What is written cannot be erased."
The concept of "Kismet" or destiny is central to the cultural psyche; some events are ordained and unavoidable. This saying offers comfort in times of tragedy, suggesting that certain things were meant to be. It helps people cope with loss by surrendering to the inevitability of fate.
"Patience is the key to joy."
"Sabr" (patience) is not just waiting, but a spiritual fortitude that eventually unlocks relief and happiness. This proverb frames endurance as an active virtue that leads to a positive outcome. It advises against despair during hard times, promising that the difficulty is temporary.
"God helps those who help themselves."
While faith is essential, it must be accompanied by personal effort and initiative. This proverb balances the belief in destiny with the requirement for action. It warns against laziness disguised as piety, asserting that divine aid comes to those who strive.
"Every dark cloud has a silver lining."
Even in the most difficult situations, there is a hidden benefit or a sign of hope. This optimistic saying encourages resilience and a positive outlook. It reminds people to look for the opportunity within the crisis.
"The mills of God grind slowly, but they grind exceedingly small."
Divine justice may be delayed, but it is thorough and inescapable. This proverb reassures victims of injustice that the wrongdoer will eventually face accountability. It is a testament to the ultimate fairness of the cosmic order.
"Death keeps no calendar."
Mortality is unpredictable and can arrive at any moment, regardless of age or plans. This somber reality check urges people to live righteously and resolve conflicts immediately. It serves as a reminder of the transience of life.
"This too shall pass."
Whether it is a moment of great sorrow or great joy, nothing in this world is permanent. This Sufi-inspired wisdom teaches emotional balance. It prevents excessive pride in good times and excessive despair in bad times.
"Trust in God, but tie your camel."
One should have faith, but also take practical precautions to secure their well-being. Attributed to the Prophet Muhammad, this proverb perfectly encapsulates the balance between spiritual trust and pragmatic responsibility. It rejects blind recklessness in the name of faith.
"The prayer of the oppressed shakes the throne of God."
The suffering of the weak and victimized has a direct line to the Divine, invoking powerful justice. This warning is directed at tyrants and oppressors. It empowers the helpless by asserting that their pain is seen and will be avenged by the highest power.
"Life is a bubble of water."
Human existence is fragile and fleeting, liable to burst and vanish in an instant. This metaphor highlights the impermanence of the physical world. It encourages a focus on spiritual legacy rather than material accumulation.
"There is a delay in God’s house, but no injustice."
Similar to the grinding mills, this proverb emphasizes that while justice may not be instant, it is guaranteed. It counsels patience to those waiting for a resolution. It reinforces faith in the ultimate moral rectification of the universe.
"If you preserve your faith, you preserve everything."
Material losses are recoverable, but the loss of spiritual integrity is catastrophic. This saying places religious and moral values above all worldly possessions. It suggests that character and belief are the foundation of a meaningful life.
"The reward of patience is sweet."
Enduring hardship without complaint yields a result that is deeply satisfying and beneficial. This reinforces the virtue of "Sabr." It promises that the struggle is an investment that will pay off in the future.
"God gives to the one who is awake."
Blessings and opportunities come to those who are alert, diligent, and early risers. This proverb links spiritual wakefulness with physical discipline. It suggests that laziness and negligence lead to a loss of divine favor.
"Despair is a sin."
Losing hope is considered an affront to the benevolence of the Creator. This saying encourages a persistent optimism and faith in God's mercy. It acts as a psychological buoy, preventing people from sinking into depression.
"The world is a traveler's inn."
We are all temporary guests in this life, merely passing through on our way to the afterlife. This metaphor encourages detachment from material things. It reminds us to treat the world as a temporary station, not a permanent home.
"What is in the pot comes out in the ladle."
Whatever is inside a person's heart—be it good or evil—will eventually manifest in their actions and words. This proverb asserts that external behavior is a direct reflection of internal spirituality. It emphasizes the need for inner purification.
"Humility is the crown of nobility."
True greatness is found in lowering oneself, not in elevating oneself above others. This saying champions the Sufi ideal of ego-effacement. It suggests that the most noble character trait is the absence of arrogance.
"A pure heart is the best mirror."
A person free from malice and deceit can see the world and others clearly. This proverb links moral purity with clarity of perception. It implies that sin clouds judgment, while virtue sharpens insight.
Hard Work, Wealth, and Economy
"Greed is a curse."
An excessive desire for wealth leads to ruin and unhappiness. This is one of the most common moral lessons taught to children. It warns that the pursuit of "more" often results in losing what one already has.
"Cut your coat according to your cloth."
One should live within their means and not spend more than they earn. This practical financial advice warns against debt and extravagance. It advocates for budgeting and realistic lifestyle choices.
"Slow and steady wins the race."
Consistency and perseverance are more effective than sporadic bursts of energy. This proverb values endurance over speed. It encourages a methodical approach to work and business.
"Money goes to money."
Wealth tends to attract more wealth; it is easier for the rich to get richer. This observation reflects the economic reality of capital accumulation. It can also imply that opportunities are more accessible to those who already possess resources.
"Hard work is the key to success."
There is no substitute for labor; achievement is the direct result of effort. This is a universal maxim of the work ethic. It rejects the idea of shortcuts and emphasizes the dignity of toil.
"A rolling stone gathers no moss."
A person who constantly changes jobs or locations never accumulates wealth, stability, or depth of character. This proverb advocates for stability and commitment. It suggests that building something of value requires staying in one place or path for a long time.
"Something is better than nothing."
It is better to accept a small gain or imperfect result than to hold out for perfection and end up with zero. This proverb encourages compromise and gratitude. It is a pragmatic approach to negotiation and resource management.
"Strike while the iron is hot."
Take immediate action when a favorable opportunity presents itself. This saying emphasizes timing and decisiveness. It warns that opportunities are fleeting and must be seized instantly.
"Haste makes waste."
Rushing through a task often leads to mistakes that require more time to fix than if the job had been done carefully. This contradicts the urge for speed. It promotes quality and attention to detail over rapid completion.
"Gold is tested by fire, man by adversity."
Just as intense heat reveals the purity of metal, difficult times reveal the true character and strength of a person. This proverb reframes struggle as a necessary testing ground. It suggests that a person's worth is proven in the trenches of hardship.
"Every business has its secrets."
Success often depends on specialized knowledge that should not be shared with competitors. This saying acknowledges the competitive nature of trade. It advises discretion and the protection of intellectual property.
"Borrowed garments never fit well."
Using what belongs to others or pretending to be what you are not is uncomfortable and unsustainable. This applies to debt as well as social pretension. It advocates for ownership and authenticity.
"Save for a rainy day."
One should always set aside resources for unforeseen emergencies. This is fundamental advice for financial security. It warns against consuming all of one's income in the present.
"The fruit of labor is sweet."
Enjoying the results of one's own hard work brings a unique satisfaction that unearned wealth cannot provide. This proverb validates the struggle of the working class. It suggests that the effort itself enhances the value of the reward.
"No pain, no gain."
Progress and success inevitably require sacrifice and discomfort. This saying prepares the mind for the difficulties inherent in ambition. It asserts that ease and achievement are rarely found together.
"A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush."
It is wiser to hold onto what you have than to risk it for a potential, but uncertain, greater gain. This proverb preaches risk aversion. It values tangible assets over theoretical possibilities.
"Debt is the worst poverty."
Owing money to others robs a person of their freedom and dignity. This strong warning against borrowing highlights the psychological burden of debt. It suggests that a poor freeman is better off than a rich debtor.
"Necessity is the mother of invention."
When people are faced with a lack of resources or a difficult problem, they become creative in finding solutions. This celebrates human ingenuity under pressure. It explains how scarcity often drives innovation.
"Don't count your chickens before they hatch."
Do not base your plans or happiness on an outcome that has not yet happened. This warns against premature celebration and overconfidence. It urges people to wait for concrete results before banking on them.
"Money is the dirt of the hand."
Wealth is temporary and dirty; it comes and goes and should not be the primary focus of life. This proverb belittles the obsession with money. It reminds people that financial status is fluid and ultimately insignificant compared to character.
Human Nature and Character
"A dog’s tail never straightens."
Some people are incapable of changing their basic nature, no matter how much effort is spent trying to reform them. This proverb expresses cynicism about rehabilitation for certain character flaws. It warns against wasting time on those who are committed to their bad habits.
"Silence is gold."
Refraining from speech is often a sign of wisdom and a way to avoid trouble. This proverb values restraint and listening. It suggests that words are silver, but the ability to keep quiet is of higher value.
"Anger eats up wisdom."
When a person loses their temper, they lose the ability to think clearly and make rational decisions. This saying warns against the destructive power of rage. It advises cooling down before acting.
"Habit is a second nature."
Repeated actions become ingrained in a person's character until they are done automatically. This highlights the power of routine. It suggests that we are defined by what we do repeatedly.
"Barking dogs seldom bite."
People who make loud threats and act aggressively are often cowardly and unlikely to take real action. This proverb advises not to be intimidated by bluster. It suggests that true danger is often silent.
"One dirty fish dirties the whole pond."
(Note: A variation of "One fish pollutes the whole pond," focusing on character). A single immoral person can corrupt a virtuous group. It emphasizes the fragility of collective morality.
"Beauty needs no ornaments."
True natural beauty or virtue stands on its own and does not require artificial enhancement. This proverb criticizes vanity and makeup. It suggests that authenticity is the most attractive quality.
"The grapes are sour."
When a person cannot attain something they desire, they often pretend that they never wanted it in the first place. Based on Aesop's fable but deeply integrated into Urdu culture. It highlights the human tendency to rationalize failure.
"Might is right."
Unfortunately, those with power often dictate the rules and the definition of justice. This cynical observation reflects the reality of political and social hierarchies. It acknowledges that strength often overrides morality.
"Self-praise is no recommendation."
Boasting about one's own achievements is seen as vulgar and unconvincing. This proverb encourages humility. It suggests that one's work should speak for itself.
"To cast pearls before swine."
Offering something of high value (wisdom, kindness, art) to those who cannot appreciate it is a waste. This warns against sharing one's best self with the unworthy. It advises discernment in whom we trust and serve.
"A man is known by the company he keeps."
You can judge a person's character by looking at their friends. This proverb emphasizes social influence. It warns that associating with bad people will tarnish your own reputation.
"When the cat is away, the mice will play."
Without supervision or authority, people will inevitably slack off or break rules. This speaks to the need for discipline and leadership. It highlights the opportunistic nature of humans.
"The grass is always greener on the other side."
People are rarely satisfied with their own lot and always imagine that others are happier. This proverb addresses envy and dissatisfaction. It urges people to appreciate their own lives.
"It takes two to make a quarrel."
(Variation of "Clap with both hands"). Conflict requires mutual participation. It prevents one side from playing the victim entirely.
"Look before you leap."
Consider the consequences before taking a significant action. This proverb advocates for caution and foresight. It warns against impulsive behavior.
"Charity creates a multitude of sins."
Sometimes, blind giving can enable bad behavior or dependency. (Note: This is a nuanced interpretation, though "Charity covers a multitude of sins" is the biblical version; in local context, it can mean that doing good wipes away one's own sins). Correction for Pakistani context: "Good deeds wipe away bad deeds."
Performing virtuous acts can cleanse the soul of past errors. This offers a path to redemption.
"A leopard cannot change its spots."
Similar to the dog's tail, this emphasizes that fundamental nature is immutable. It warns against believing that a dangerous person has suddenly become harmless.
"Too many cooks spoil the broth."
When too many people try to lead or contribute to a single task, the result is confusion and failure. This argues for a clear chain of command. It suggests that individual responsibility is often better than committee decision-making.
"All that glitters is not gold."
Appearances can be deceptive; a flashy exterior often hides a worthless interior. This proverb warns against superficial judgment. It encourages looking deeper than the surface.
Conclusion
The proverbs of Pakistan are more than just clever sayings; they are the distilled essence of centuries of survival, faith, and community living. They offer a roadmap for navigating the complexities of the human experience, balancing the demands of the world with the yearnings of the spirit. From the rugged individualism of the mountains to the communal bonds of the plains, these aphorisms remind us that while times change, human nature remains constant.
Whether you are seeking guidance on a business decision, comfort in times of sorrow, or a deeper understanding of your relationships, the wisdom of the Indus Valley has something to offer. By integrating these timeless truths into our modern lives, we honor a heritage that values depth over speed, and honor over profit.
We Want to Hear from You!
Which of these Pakistani proverbs resonated with you the most? Have you encountered similar sayings in your own culture? Share your thoughts and favorite quotes in the comments section below. Let’s keep the flame of global wisdom alive together.
FURTHER READING
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