Indonesia, often referred to as the "Emerald of the Equator," is a sprawling archipelago comprising thousands of islands and hundreds of distinct ethnic groups. This immense cultural diversity, unified under the national motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Unity in Diversity), has cultivated a rich and multifaceted oral tradition. Indonesian proverbs, or peribahasa, serve as the collective memory of the nation, bridging the gap between ancient Javanese philosophy, Islamic teachings, and the animistic roots of indigenous tribes. These sayings are not merely linguistic curiosities; they are the moral compass by which millions navigate the complexities of daily life, emphasizing social harmony, respect for hierarchy, and the delicate balance between fate and free will.
The wisdom found within Indonesian culture is deeply rooted in the observation of nature and the agrarian lifestyle that has sustained the region for millennia. The imagery used in these proverbs is lush and tropical—referencing rice paddies, rain, tigers, elephants, and the ocean. Unlike the direct and individualistic nature of some Western idioms, Indonesian wisdom often favors indirectness and subtlety. This reflects the cultural imperative of "saving face" and maintaining a peaceful social atmosphere. To understand these proverbs is to understand the Indonesian soul: resilient, communal, polite, yet deeply pragmatic about the harsh realities of existence.
In modern Indonesia, despite rapid urbanization and technological advancement, these ancient sayings remain in active circulation. They are taught in schools, quoted by politicians, and whispered by elders to the younger generation during times of crisis or celebration. They act as a stabilizing force, reminding the people that while the world changes, the fundamental truths of human nature—humility, patience, and cooperation—remain eternal. This collection explores the depth of the Nusantara spirit, offering global readers a glimpse into a worldview where community triumphs over the individual and patience conquers all.
POPULAR PROVERBS
Wisdom, Humility, and Self-Reflection
"Like the rice plant: the fuller it gets, the lower it bows"
This is perhaps the most famous and revered proverb in Indonesia, symbolizing the ultimate ideal of leadership and maturity. It observes that a rice stalk stands upright when empty, but bows down under the weight of its grain as it ripens. The lesson is that true knowledge and wealth should result in humility rather than arrogance; the more successful one becomes, the more humble and respectful they should be toward others.
"An empty drum makes the loudest sound"
This saying serves as a sharp critique of those who talk boastfully but possess little substance or actual knowledge. It draws a parallel between a hollow vessel that resonates noisily and a person who speaks incessantly to mask their ignorance. In Indonesian culture, silence and measured speech are often viewed as signs of true wisdom and competence.
"A frog underneath a coconut shell"
Used to describe someone with a very narrow worldview who believes their limited experience represents the entire truth. The frog, trapped beneath the shell, thinks the dark, small space it inhabits is the whole universe. It is a cautionary metaphor encouraging travel, education, and the broadening of one's horizons to avoid ignorance.
"Do not think that because the water is calm, there are no crocodiles"
This proverb advises constant vigilance and warns against judging situations solely by their peaceful appearances. Just as a predator hides beneath the surface of a still river, danger often lurks where it is least expected. It teaches that one should remain alert and prepared, even when life seems tranquil and secure.
"The elephant on the eyelid is not visible, but the ant across the ocean is clearly seen"
This profound saying highlights the human tendency to ignore one's own massive faults while scrutinizing the minor mistakes of others. It speaks to the lack of self-awareness that plagues human relationships and serves as a reminder to look inward before criticizing those around us. It is a call for introspection and fairness in judgment.
"Above the sky, there is still another sky"
A powerful reminder of the limits of power and ability, suggesting that no matter how great or high one rises, there is always someone or something superior. It checks the ego by reminding successful people that they are not the ultimate authority. This proverb reinforces the hierarchy of life and the existence of a higher power or greater destiny.
"Throwing a stone and hiding the hand"
This describes a cowardly act where someone causes trouble or performs a malicious deed but refuses to take responsibility for it. It characterizes a person who acts innocently in public while secretly orchestrating chaos. The saying condemns hypocrisy and deceit, valuing transparency and accountability instead.
"Like a peanut forgetting its shell"
This metaphor targets those who achieve success or high status and subsequently forget their humble origins or the people who helped them rise. It is a severe critique of ingratitude and arrogance. The "shell" represents the past, the mentors, and the support system that protected the person before they matured.
"Meaning to embrace the mountain, but the arm is not long enough"
This proverb illustrates the pain of having ambitions or desires that far exceed one's capabilities or resources. While ambition is generally praised, this saying injects a dose of realism, warning against the futility of pursuing impossible goals without the necessary means. It encourages a pragmatic assessment of one's own limitations.
"The tongue has no bones"
Because the tongue is flexible and boneless, it can easily twist words, break promises, and tell lies without physical resistance. This saying warns listeners not to trust sweet words blindly, as speech is easy to manipulate. It serves as a reminder that actions are far more reliable indicators of character than mere verbal assurances.
"Because of a drop of indigo dye, the whole pot of milk is ruined"
This proverb emphasizes how a single mistake or a small amount of negativity can destroy a large amount of good work or a pristine reputation. It highlights the fragility of trust and purity. In a social context, it warns that one bad actor can tarnish the image of an entire community or family.
"Measuring another’s coat on one’s own body"
This saying advises against judging others based solely on one's own standards, preferences, or experiences. What fits or works for one person may not be suitable for another, just as clothing size varies. It promotes empathy and the understanding that everyone has unique circumstances that require different approaches.
"Even a monkey falls from the tree sometimes"
This is a gentle reminder that even experts can make mistakes, as monkeys are masters of climbing yet still slip. It is used to comfort someone who has failed at something they are usually good at, normalizing failure as a part of life. The proverb discourages perfectionism and encourages forgiveness for honest errors.
"Do not wake a sleeping tiger"
Similar to the Western phrase "let sleeping dogs lie," this warns against provoking a dangerous situation or person that is currently peaceful. It suggests that it is better to leave potential conflicts alone rather than stirring up trouble that one cannot handle. It is a maxim of prudence and conflict avoidance.
"Better to die with soil than to live with shame"
This highlights the intense value placed on honor and dignity in Indonesian culture. It suggests that preserving one's reputation and moral standing is more important than life itself. In extreme circumstances, facing death is seen as preferable to living a life of humiliation or moral compromise.
"Like water on a taro leaf"
Water does not stick to the waxy surface of a taro leaf; it beads up and rolls off immediately. This is used to describe advice that is ignored or a person who cannot be taught or influenced. It can also describe a fickle person whose loyalty or stance is unstable and constantly shifting.
"The dog barks, but the caravan moves on"
This signifies determination in the face of criticism or meaningless noise. It encourages people to continue on their chosen path regardless of the detractors who try to distract them. The barking dog represents trivial obstacles, while the caravan represents the steady progress toward a goal.
"There is no ivory that is not cracked"
This proverb asserts that nothing and no one in this world is perfect. Just as even the finest ivory has microscopic flaws, every human being has defects and weaknesses. It is a call for tolerance and realistic expectations in relationships and leadership.
"Where there is sugar, there are ants"
This observation suggests that people will naturally flock to where there is wealth, opportunity, or pleasure. It can be used cynically to describe fair-weather friends who only appear when times are good. However, it also simply explains economic migration and the attraction of resources.
"Lubricating the way"
This implies using money or gifts to smooth out difficulties, often hinting at bribery or tipping to get things done. While it reflects a reality of bureaucracy, it also speaks to the cultural emphasis on making interactions smooth and frictionless. It acknowledges that sometimes extra effort or resources are needed to bypass obstacles.
Resilience, Effort, and Perseverance
"Paddle upstream, swim to the shore; painful at first, happy in the end"
This is the quintessential Indonesian maxim for delayed gratification and hard work. It teaches that suffering and struggle are necessary precursors to success and happiness. It encourages students and workers to endure present hardships with the promise of a better future.
"Little by little, eventually it becomes a hill"
Celebrating the power of incremental progress, this proverb encourages persistence in small tasks. It reminds us that massive accumulations of wealth or knowledge are built through tiny, consistent efforts over time. It is an antidote to the desire for instant results.
"If you are afraid of the waves, do not build a house by the sea"
This proverb warns that if one cannot handle the risks associated with a certain lifestyle or career, they should not pursue it. It emphasizes accepting the consequences of one's choices. It demands courage and fortitude from those who seek high rewards.
"Wait for the tuberoses to bloom"
This is a poetic way of telling someone to be patient, as good things take time to mature. It suggests that rushing a process will not yield the desired beauty or result. It speaks to the natural rhythm of life that cannot be forced.
"Once the sails are unfurled, the boat must not return to shore"
This signifies total commitment to a course of action. Once a decision is made and the journey has begun, there is no turning back; one must see it through to the end. It embodies the spirit of determination and the refusal to give up halfway.
"No rattan, roots will do"
This proverb champions resourcefulness and adaptability. If the ideal material (rattan) is unavailable, one should make do with what is available (roots) to get the job done. It encourages finding solutions and not letting a lack of resources stop progress.
"Rain of gold in another's land, rain of stones in our own; it is still better in our own country"
This expresses deep patriotism and the comfort of home. Even if a foreign land offers wealth (gold), the familiarity and belonging found in one's homeland make it superior, even if life there is hard (stones). It reflects the strong attachment Indonesians have to their place of origin.
"United we stand, divided we fall"
While common globally, in Indonesia, this reinforces the national philosophy of unity across thousands of islands. It emphasizes that strength comes solely from cohesion and cooperation. Without solidarity, the community or nation will crumble.
"Hang your ideals as high as the sky"
Attributed to the founding father Sukarno, this encourages dreaming big and having high aspirations. It motivates youth to aim for greatness regardless of their current circumstances. It suggests that ambition is the fuel for national and personal advancement.
"The deeper the water, the more fish it holds"
This suggests that greater rewards and deeper wisdom are found in more difficult or profound situations. It encourages diving deep into subjects or challenges rather than staying on the surface. It links depth of character with richness of soul.
"Walking alone, one is faster; walking together, one goes further"
This proverb contrasts the speed of individual action with the endurance of collective effort. While doing things alone might save time in the short run, building something lasting requires a team. It validates the communal approach to long-term goals.
"Prepare the umbrella before it rains"
A classic advice on preparedness and foresight. One should not wait for a crisis to strike before taking protective measures. It applies to savings, health, and general life planning, emphasizing prevention over cure.
"If there is a will, there is a way"
This universal truth is deeply held in Indonesian culture, asserting that determination can overcome any obstacle. It empowers the individual to take agency over their life. It rejects fatalism in favor of proactive effort.
"Sharpening the knife while waiting"
This advises using idle time productively to prepare for future tasks. Instead of doing nothing while waiting for an opportunity, one should improve their skills. It speaks to efficiency and the value of constant self-improvement.
"Endure the sourness first to taste the sweetness"
Similar to paddling upstream, this uses the metaphor of taste to describe the progression from hardship to reward. One must accept the unpleasant parts of a process to enjoy the final result. It teaches emotional resilience and patience.
"Not yet sitting, already extending legs"
This criticizes someone who relaxes before the work is actually finished or celebrates before the victory is secured. It warns against complacency and presumption. It reminds us to complete the task fully before seeking comfort.
"Like a chicken losing its mother"
This describes a state of confusion, panic, and directionless behavior. It is used when a group loses its leader and doesn't know what to do. It highlights the importance of leadership and guidance in social structures.
"The rice has become porridge"
This implies that what is done cannot be undone. Since you cannot turn porridge back into raw rice, you must accept the situation and make the best of it. It encourages moving forward rather than regretting irreversible mistakes.
"While diving, drink water"
This suggests multitasking or gaining a benefit while performing a necessary task. It implies efficiency and the ability to capitalize on a situation to get double the reward. It encourages being smart about how one uses their energy.
"Hard work will not betray results"
A modern affirmation that effort always correlates with the outcome. It provides reassurance that the universe is just and that labor is never wasted. It is a motivational mantra for students and workers.
Harmony, Family, and Social Relations
"Heavy burdens are carried together, light burdens are carried together"
This is the definition of Gotong Royong (mutual cooperation). It means that whether a task is difficult or easy, it should be shared by the community. It reinforces the bond of solidarity, ensuring no one suffers alone and joys are shared by all.
"Others eat the jackfruit, I get the sap"
This describes a situation where someone else gets the benefit (the fruit) while the speaker gets the trouble or blame (the sticky sap). It expresses a sense of injustice and exploitation. It serves as a complaint against unfair distribution of responsibility and reward.
"A dispute at the tip of the tongue ends at the base of the heart"
This proverb advises that arguments should be resolved quickly and not allowed to fester into deep grudges. While words may be heated, the underlying relationship (the heart) should remain intact. It encourages forgiveness and the prioritization of relationships over being right.
"When the buffaloes fight, the mousedeer dies in the middle"
This illustrates how small or powerless people often become collateral damage in conflicts between powerful leaders or nations. It warns the "little people" to stay away from the disputes of the mighty. It is a cynical observation of political power dynamics.
"Love your children by disciplining them; love your spouse by leaving them sometimes"
This suggests that true love involves correction and space, not just indulgence. Discipline is necessary for a child's growth, and distance can make the heart grow fonder in a marriage. It offers a pragmatic approach to maintaining healthy family dynamics.
"Close neighbors are better than distant relatives"
In times of immediate emergency, it is the neighbor who can help, not the family member living far away. This emphasizes the importance of maintaining good relations with those physically close to you. It values proximity and community over bloodlines in practical matters.
"Where the earth is stepped on, there the sky is upheld"
This is the Indonesian equivalent of "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." It commands respect for local customs, laws, and traditions wherever one travels. It teaches adaptability and cultural sensitivity as a requirement for harmony.
"Like a betel nut split in half"
This phrase describes two people who look exactly alike or are perfectly matched, often used for twins or soulmates. It implies symmetry, perfection, and a natural bond. It celebrates the beauty of compatibility.
"Air tuba (poison) is repaid with milk"
This describes an act of extreme benevolence where someone responds to evil or malice with kindness. It elevates the moral standing of the person who forgives. However, the reverse, "Milk repaid with poison," represents ultimate betrayal.
"One person eats the chili, everyone feels the heat"
This illustrates collective responsibility and the ripple effect of individual actions. If one member of a group causes trouble, the entire group suffers the consequences. It acts as a social pressure mechanism to ensure individuals behave well to protect the group's reputation.
"Different fields, different grasshoppers; different ponds, different fish"
This acknowledges that every region or household has its own unique customs and rules. It warns against assuming that what works in one place will work in another. It promotes respect for diversity and local variations in culture.
"Eating the fruit, don't forget the one who planted the tree"
A strong reminder of gratitude. When enjoying a benefit, one must remember and honor the source of that benefit. It ensures that ancestors, parents, and benefactors are not erased from memory once success is achieved.
"A distinct divide between the cluster and the fruit"
This refers to a situation where there is a clear separation or disagreement between a group and an individual, or a lack of unity. It can also imply that someone does not fit in with their family or community. It highlights the tension between conformity and individuality.
"Kindness is not to be sold, but to be given"
This emphasizes that true altruism expects nothing in return. If one helps only to receive a favor later, it is a transaction, not kindness. It upholds the sanctity of sincere generosity.
"Like a letter without a stamp"
This describes something that is useless or futile because it lacks a crucial component to make it effective. In relationships, it could refer to a message that is ignored or a gesture that has no impact. It highlights the need for proper protocol and completeness.
"Good stock will grow well even if thrown into the jungle"
This suggests that a person of high quality and character will succeed no matter where they are placed or how difficult the environment. It argues that intrinsic nature is stronger than nurture or circumstance. It is a testament to the resilience of true talent.
"United like a broom"
A single stick from a broom is easily snapped, but when bound together, the broom is strong and effective. This is a visual metaphor for strength in numbers. It is often used to teach children the value of sticking together.
"Don't measure the depth of the river with two feet"
This advises caution; if you jump in with both feet, you might drown if it's too deep. You should test the waters with one foot first. It applies to business and relationships, suggesting one should always have an exit strategy or a safety net.
"The mouth is your tiger"
A stark warning that your own words can destroy you. If you speak recklessly, your words will come back to bite you like a tiger. It promotes extreme caution in speech and the avoidance of gossip or slander.
"Like a hidden gem in the mud"
This refers to a talented or valuable person who is in a lowly or obscure environment. It reminds us not to judge people by their surroundings or poverty. True quality shines through eventually, regardless of the setting.
Fate, Destiny, and Nature
"Man proposes, God disposes"
This acknowledges the limits of human control. While people can make detailed plans, the final outcome is ultimately in the hands of the divine. It encourages acceptance of fate and reduces anxiety over things one cannot control.
"If it is your fortune, it won't go anywhere"
This expresses a belief in destiny regarding wealth and success. If something is meant for you, you will receive it eventually; there is no need to be greedy or overly anxious. It promotes a sense of peace and trust in providence.
"The world is not as wide as a Moringa leaf"
The Moringa leaf is very small; this proverb is used ironically when you run into someone you know in an unexpected place. It suggests that the world is actually quite small. It highlights the interconnectedness of people.
"Even the best captain cannot sail on dry land"
This emphasizes the importance of context and opportunity. No matter how skilled a person is, they cannot succeed if the environment does not support them. It is a reminder that talent needs the right circumstances to flourish.
"Like an owl missing the moon"
This describes a deep longing or pining for something that is out of reach. It evokes a sense of melancholy and romantic yearning. It is often used in the context of unrequited love.
"There is no smoke without fire"
Used to suggest that rumors usually have some basis in fact. It warns that signs of trouble usually indicate real trouble. It encourages people to pay attention to warning signs and the roots of problems.
"Like water on a flat board"
This describes a situation that is unstable or a person who is very easily influenced. Just as water flows instantly in any direction on a flat surface, such a person has no firm principles. It warns against being wishy-washy.
"The fruit does not fall far from the tree"
Common in many cultures, this asserts that children will resemble their parents in character and behavior. It is used to explain both positive talents and negative traits inherited from family. It reinforces the concept of lineage.
"Rotten flesh will eventually smell"
This means that a hidden crime or a bad deed will eventually be exposed. No matter how well one tries to cover up a lie, the truth will surface in time. It serves as a warning against secrecy and dishonesty.
"Like a bird in a cage"
This describes someone who has everything provided for them—food, shelter, safety—but lacks freedom. It questions the value of comfort if it comes at the cost of liberty. It is often used to describe restrictive marriages or jobs.
"Chasing the wind"
This refers to a futile effort or chasing an impossible dream. It describes actions that yield no tangible results. It serves as a reality check for those who are not grounded in the practical world.
"Like a buffalo with a ring in its nose"
This describes a person who follows orders blindly without thinking for themselves. They are easily led and controlled by others. It is a critique of a lack of critical thinking and independence.
"Withered before blooming"
This tragic metaphor describes a young person who dies or fails before reaching their full potential. It can also refer to a project that is cancelled before it launches. It evokes a sense of lost potential and sadness.
"Like expecting rain from the sky, the water in the jar is poured out"
This warns against discarding what you already have in hopes of getting something better that is not guaranteed. It advises holding onto current assets rather than gambling on uncertain future gains. It teaches prudence and resource management.
"The mountain is high, but the path is beaten"
This suggests that even the most difficult obstacles can be overcome because others have done it before. There is always a way if one looks for the path. It offers hope in the face of daunting challenges.
"Like writing on water"
This describes doing work that leaves no mark or teaching someone who does not remember the lesson. It signifies futility and the transient nature of certain efforts. It suggests saving one's energy for receptive audiences.
"The older the ginger, the spicier it gets"
This praises the value of experience and age. Unlike some things that fade with time, older people (ginger) have more "bite," wisdom, and capability. It commands respect for the elderly and their accumulated knowledge.
"Like a fire in the husk"
This describes a danger or emotion that is burning secretly inside, invisible on the surface but ready to flare up. It often refers to hidden anger, rebellion, or a secret romance. It warns of the potential for sudden, explosive revelations.
"Every cloud has a silver lining"
While Western in origin, the Indonesian equivalent emphasizes that behind every disaster, there is a blessing (hikmah). It encourages optimism and looking for the lesson or the good in bad situations. It is a coping mechanism for tragedy.
"Life is like a rotating wheel"
Sometimes you are at the top, sometimes at the bottom. This proverb reminds people that status is temporary. It teaches humility to the rich and gives hope to the poor, emphasizing the cyclical nature of fortune.
Ethics, Character, and Prudence
"A tiger dies leaving its stripes, a human dies leaving their name"
This proverb stresses the importance of legacy. While animals leave behind physical remains, humans leave behind their reputation. It urges people to live a virtuous life so they are remembered well after death.
"Honesty is the currency that is valid everywhere"
This asserts that integrity is valuable in every culture and situation. While languages and customs change, an honest person will always be respected and trusted. It frames honesty not just as a virtue, but as a practical asset.
"Better to be white-boned than white-eyed"
"White-boned" means dead; "white-eyed" means shamed (to the point you show the whites of your eyes in fear or humiliation). This reiterates that death is preferable to dishonor. It is a martial sentiment regarding courage and pride.
"Throwing salt into the sea"
This describes doing something completely useless or giving a gift to someone who is already extremely wealthy. It highlights the inefficiency of the action. It advises directing resources where they will actually make a difference.
"Like a blind man looking for his walking stick"
This describes a desperate search for something essential. It evokes empathy for someone who is lost and vulnerable. It underscores the dependence humans have on certain tools or people to navigate life.
"Don't spit into the wind"
If you spit into the wind, it blows back into your face. This warns that doing bad things to others will eventually harm you. It is a reminder of the immediate consequences of malicious actions.
"A good example is the best sermon"
This teaches that actions speak louder than words. Leaders and parents should teach by doing, not just by lecturing. It places the burden of moral instruction on behavior rather than rhetoric.
"Like a leech sucking blood"
This vividly describes a person who exploits others financially or emotionally. It refers to parasites in society who take without giving back. It is a strong condemnation of greed and usury.
"Eating the chili, knowing it is hot"
This implies doing something risky or wrong while fully aware of the consequences. It describes a calculated risk or a stubborn refusal to change course despite the pain. It highlights human obstinacy.
"Don't be like a cutter within the fold"
A "cutter" is a tool; this refers to an enemy within one's own group (a traitor). It warns against betrayal from the inside. It encourages vigilance regarding loyalty within an organization.
"Politeness is the key to many doors"
In Indonesia, etiquette and manners are paramount. This saying suggests that being polite opens opportunities that money or skill alone cannot. It reinforces the soft power of social grace.
"Fear the person who is silent, not the one who shouts"
The shouter releases their anger; the silent person harbors it and plans. This advises caution around those who do not reveal their emotions. It suggests that hidden depth is more dangerous than surface noise.
"Don't fish in murky waters"
This advises against getting involved in a confused or chaotic situation where the outcome is unclear. It also warns against taking advantage of other people's confusion for personal gain. It promotes ethical clarity.
"Like a candle illuminating others but burning itself"
This describes the ultimate sacrifice of a teacher or parent. They give their energy and life to enlighten others, even as they are consumed by the effort. It is a tribute to selflessness.
"Virtue is found in the middle"
This promotes moderation and balance. Extreme behavior, whether too ascetic or too hedonistic, is discouraged. It aligns with the cultural preference for stability and avoiding conflict.
"Don't judge the timber by the bark"
Similar to "don't judge a book by its cover," this warns against superficial judgments. A rough exterior may hide a heart of gold, or a valuable skill. It demands a deeper look into character.
"Shame is part of faith"
This Islamic-influenced proverb connects the feeling of shame (when doing wrong) to religious piety. If one has no shame, they have no moral compass. It frames shame as a positive, regulatory emotion.
"A promised word is a debt"
This elevates a verbal promise to the status of a financial obligation. If you say you will do something, you owe it to the person until it is done. It emphasizes the weight of one's word.
"Planting wind, reaping a storm"
This is the warning of karma. Small bad actions (planting wind) will grow into massive problems (a storm) later. It is a reminder that negative energy amplifies over time.
"Peace is beautiful"
A simple, closing mantra of Indonesian life. Despite all struggles, the ultimate goal is peace and harmony. It serves as a constant reminder to choose reconciliation over conflict.
Conclusion
The proverbs of Indonesia offer a fascinating mirror into a society that values the collective over the individual, harmony over confrontation, and humility over pride. They paint a picture of a people who are deeply attuned to the natural world, using the behavior of rice, water, and animals to explain the intricacies of human psychology.
For the international reader, these sayings provide more than just cultural trivia; they offer a different rhythm of life. In a world that often rewards the loudest voice and the quickest action, Indonesian wisdom asks us to slow down, to listen, to "bow like the rice," and to remember that "little by little, it becomes a hill." Whether you are navigating a career challenge, a complex relationship, or a moral dilemma, there is likely a peribahasa that has guided millions before you through the exact same path.
Which of these Indonesian proverbs resonates most with your current life situation? Does the resilience of "paddling upstream" inspire you, or does the caution of the "sleeping tiger" warn you? Share your thoughts in the comments below!
FURTHER READING
- The Way of the Samurai: 75 Japanese Proverbs on Honor and Discipline
- Wisdom of the Dragon: Exploring Chinese Proverbs on Success and Family
- Voices of the Savannah: 50 African Proverbs to Ground Your Soul